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Chrétien de Troyes
Chrétien de Troyes ((:kʁe.tjɛ̃ də.tʁwa)) (''Christian'') was a late 12th century French poet and trouvère known for his work on Arthurian subjects, and for originating the character Lancelot. This work represents some of the best-regarded of medieval literature. His use of structure, particularly in ''Yvain, the Knight of the Lion'', has been seen as a step towards the modern novel. Little is known of his life, but he seems to have been from Troyes, or at least intimately connected with it, and between 1160 and 1172 he served at the court of his patroness Marie of France, Countess of Champagne, daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine, perhaps as herald-at-arms (as Gaston Paris speculated).〔From ("Four Arthurian Romances" ) gutenberg.org. Retrieved March 29, 2007.〕
==Works==
Chrétien's works include five major poems in rhyming eight-syllable couplets. Four of these are complete; ''Erec and Enide'' (c. 1170); ''Cligès'' (c. 1176), and ''Yvain, the Knight of the Lion'' and ''Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart'', both written simultaneously between 1177 and 1181. Chrétien's final romance was ''Perceval, the Story of the Grail'', written between 1181 and 1190, but left unfinished, though some scholars have disputed this. It is dedicated to Philip, Count of Flanders, to whom Chrétien may have been attached in his last years. He finished only 9,000 lines of the work, but four successors of varying talents added 54,000 additional lines in what are known as the Four Continuations. Similarly, the last thousand lines of ''Lancelot'' were written by Godefroi de Leigni, apparently by arrangement with Chrétien. In the case of ''Perceval'', one continuer says the poet's death prevented him from completing the work, in the case of ''Lancelot'', no reason is given. This has not stopped speculation that Chrétien did not approve of ''Lancelots adulterous subject.
There are also several lesser works, not all of which can be securely ascribed to Chrétien. ''Philomela'' is the only one of his four poems based on Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'' that has survived. Two short lyric ''chansons'' on the subject of love are also very likely his; but the attribution of the pious romance ''Guillaume d'Angleterre'' to him is now widely doubted. It has also been suggested that Chrétien might be the author of two short verse romances called ''Le Chevalier á l'épée'' and ''La Mule sans frein'', but this theory has not found much support.〔 Chrétien names his treatments of Ovid in the introduction to ''Cligès'', where he also mentions his work about King Mark and Iseult. The latter is presumably related to the Tristan and Iseult legend, though Tristan is not named. Chrétien's Tristan has not survived, though in the introduction of Cligès, Chrétien himself says that his treatment of Tristan was not well received, possibly explaining why it does not survive. Chrétien's works are written in vernacular Old French, although it is marked by traits of the regional Champenois dialect (which is still fairly similar to the "standard" French of Paris).
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